Selected Publications for Joseph A. Shaw
Polarization Sensing and Lidar
Comparison of full-sky polarization and radiance observations to radiative transfer simulations which employ AERONET products, (Optics Express, Sep. 2011) [pdf 925 kB]
All-sky polarization images obtained at Montana State University are compared with a radiative transfer model to show evidence that AERONET solar radiometer retrievals of the aerosol real refractive index may be too low.
Effects of surface reflectance on skylight polarization measurements at the Mauna Loa Observatory, (Optics Express, Aug. 2011) [pdf 1.6 MB]
All-sky polarization images obtained at the Mauna Loa Observatory on the island of Hawaii are used with satellite images of clouds below the observatory to quantify the amount that skylight polarization is reduced by an underlying surface of variable brightness.
Comparison of skylight polarization measurements and MODTRAN-P calculations, (J. Applied Remote Sensing, 2011) [pdf 955 kB]
All-sky polarization imaging measurements are used to assess the accuracy and shortcomings of the MODTRAN-P polarized radiative transfer model.
Icy wave-cloud lunar corona and cirrus iridescence (Applied Optics, Oct. 2011) [pdf 562 kB]
Measurements from a dual-polarization lidar and radiosonde are used to show that a corona-producing wave cloud contains tiny ice crystals, not the usually expected liquid water droplets.
Observational studies of atmospheric aerosols over Bozeman, Montana using a two color lidar, a water vapor DIAL, a solar radiometer, and a ground based nephelometer over a 24 hour period (J. Atmos. Oceanic Technology, March 2011) [pdf 3.1 MB]
Multi-sensor measurements of aerosols in dry (RH<60%) conditions with incursion of forest fire smoke from fires on the Pacific coast.
Development of a widely tunable amplified diode laser differential absorption
lidar for profiling atmospheric water vapor (J. Applied Remote Sensing,
March 2010) [pdf 571 kB]
Design of a prototype diode-laser differential absorption lidar for measuring
atmospheric water vapor.
Digital all-sky polarization imaging in partly cloudy skies (Applied Optics,
1 Dec. 2008) [pdf 1.98 MB]
All-sky polarization imaging in partly cloudy skies: explanation of why the
angle of polarization remains constant beneath many clouds but changes beneath
some; demonstration that fluctuations in the observed degree of skylight
polarization precede the formation of visible clouds by up to several hours
("twilight zone" effect); and experimental confirmation of theories of halo
polarization.
Airborne lidar measurements of
invasive lake trout in Yellowstone Lake (International Laser Radar
Conference, June 2008) [pdf 480 kB]
A conference paper talking about initial results from airborne fish lidar for
locating invasive lake trout that threaten the native cutthroat trout in
Yellowstone Lake (at Yellowstone National Park).
Range-resolved
optical detection of honeybees by use of wingbeat modulation of scattered light
for locating land mines (Applied Optics, 20 May 2007) [pdf 975 kB].
Description of a pulsed lidar using wingbeat modulation to isolate honeybees
from other scattering objects.
Polarization in Remote Sensing - Introduction (Applied Optics, Aug. 2006)
[pdf 769 kB]
Introduction to the special issue of Applied Optics in Polarization Imaging in
Remote Sensing (1 Aug., 2006).
Review of
passive imaging polarimetry for remote sensing applications (Applied Optics,
Aug. 2006) [pdf 769 kB]
A review paper in the special issue of Applied Optics on Polarization Imaging in
Remote Sensing (1 Aug., 2006).
Dual-field imaging
polarimeter using liquid crystal variable retarders (Applied Optics, Aug.
2006) [pdf 769 kB]
An imaging spectro-polarimeter in the 450-700 nm spectral band is described. The
system is based on liquid crystal variable retarders and has front-end optics
that can be switched between a 300-mm telephoto and fisheye lenses. We show
all-sky measurements of polarization that show that clear-sky degree of
polarization increases with wavelength except when a cloud is present somewhere
in the sky.
Dual-polarization
lidar using a liquid crystal variable retarder
(Optical Engineering, Oct. 2006) [pdf 997 kB]
A dual-polarization lidar is described that provides polarization-ratio
measurements at 15 Hz rate with a Nd:Yag laser transmitter and a receiver based
on a liquid crystal variable retarder. The system has a variable field of view
(up to 8.8 mrad). We show measurements of clouds and aerosols to demonstrate the
polarization measurement capability, including a measurement of possible Asian
dust over Bozeman, Montana in March 2005.
Optical
detection of honeybees by use of wing-beat modulation of scattered laser light
for locating explosives and landmines (Applied Optics, Mar. 2006) [pdf 727
kB]
An optical sensor is described that senses flying honey bees in the presence of
clutter through the use of wing-beat modulated cw diode laser light.
Polarization
lidar measurements of honey bees in flight for locating land mines
(Optics Express, Aug. 2005) [pdf 291 kB]
Describes scanning lidar measurements of honey bee spatial density to locate
buried land mines through smell.
The effect of instrument polarization sensitivity on sea-surface remote sensing
with infrared spectroradiometers (J. Atm. Ocean. Technol. 2002) [pdf 184 kB]
Discussion of how measurements with partially polarization-sensitive FTIR
spectrometers are affected when measuring the ocean surface or other partially
polarized scene; includes discussion of the use of FTIRs as polarimeters in
military surveillance, etc.
Polarimetric measurements of long-wave infrared spectral radiance from water (Applied Optics 2001) [pdf 114 kB]
The first spectrally resolved measurements reported in the open literature of water polarization in the long-wave infrared; the first comparison of measured polarization spectra with calculations using the model described by Shaw (Appl. Opt. 1999).
Polarized infrared emissivity for a rough sea surface (Optics Express 2000)
[pdf 162 kB]
Provides user-interactive graph and tables of polarized infrared sea-surface
emissivity for a variety of wind speeds and viewing angles.
Degree of linear polarization for water in the infrared (Applied Optics 1999)
[pdf 1011 kB]
First comprehensive, quantitative model of thermal infrared polarization from
water.
Instrument effects in polarized infrared images (Optical Engineering 1995)
[pdf 252 kB]
Identifies undesirable effects of narcissus, reflected background radiation, and
self-emission in thermal-infrared polarization imaging.
Infrared and Multi-spectral Radiometric Sensing
Low-cost multispectral vegetation imaging system for detecting leaking CO2 gas (Applied Optics, Feb 2012) [pdf 801 kB]
A custom-designed imaging system with red and near-infrared channels is used to detect CO2 gas leaking from an underground well through changes in the overlying vegetation spectral reflectance.
Long-wave infrared imaging for non-invasive beehive population assessment (Optics Express, Jan. 2011). [pdf 1.4 MB]
Radiometrically calibrated infrared images are used to estimate the population of beehives; the best results were obtained just before sunrise.
Multi-spectral imaging of vegetation for detecting CO2 leaking from underground
(Environmental Earth Sciences - 2 March 2010). [pdf 521 kB].
Application of a scaffold-mounted multi-spectral imager to detect CO2 gas
leaking from an underground reservoir through the use of vegetation indices.
A shallow subsurface controlled release facility in Bozeman, Montana, USA, for
testing near surface CO2 detection techniques and transport models
(Environmental Earth Sciences - 22 Dec 2009). [pdf 980 kB].
Discussion of the design of a field facility designed for testing methods of
detecting CO2 leaking from under ground.
Correcting calibrated
infrared sky imagery for the effect of an infrared window (J. Atmos.
Oceanic Technology - Nov. 2009) [pdf 1.3 MB].
This paper describes a correction for the optical effects of an infrared window
on a calibrated long-wave infrared sky imager. Data are shown to demonstrate the
validity of the correction, using side-by-side measurements from imagers with
and without a window.
Infrared cloud imaging
in support of Earth-space optical communications (Optics Express
2009) [pdf 260 kB].
Description of the compact 2nd-generation Infrared Cloud Imager system (ICI-2)
and its application to measuring cloud statistics for optical communications.
This is the first report in the literature of a passive IR imager used to
retrieve cloud optical depth.
Cloud statistics measured with the Infrared Cloud Imager (ICI) (IEEE
Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 2005) [pdf 452 kB].
Measurements of cloud statistics with the ICI system in Alaska and Oklahoma.
Radiometric cloud imaging with an uncooled microbolometer thermal infrared
camera (Optics Express 2005) [302 kB].
Evaluation of the radiometric calibration of the Infrared Cloud Imager and
demonstration of its use in cloud imaging and retrieving cloud emissivity.
Radiosonde humidity soundings and microwave radiometers during Nauru99 (J.
Atmospheric & Oceanic Technology 2003) [pdf 1075 kB]
Infrared atmospheric spectral radiance measurements at Mauna Loa, Hawaii
(Geophysical Research Letters 1999) [pdf 125 kB]
Measurements of the radiative effect of upper-tropospheric drying during the
1997-1998 ENSO event. An exciting measurement that shows that during El Nino
periods, the subtropical atmosphere opens a thermal window; we hypothesize that
the El Nino phenomenon might be acting as a natural climate-control mechanism.
Modeling infrared lunar radiance (Optical Engineering 1999) [pdf 32 kB]
Identifies and corrects a serious limitation of the lunar radiance model in the
widely used Modtran and Fascode programs (shows that longwave infrared lunar
radiance is primarily thermal emission, not reflected sunlight).
Ground-based remote sensor observations during PROBE in the Tropical Western
Pacific (Bulletin Am. Meteorological Society 1999) [pdf 614 kB]
First tropical Pacific multi-sensor deployment (1993), prototype for the DoE
Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program tropical sites; source of the IR
radiance measurements on which a significant water vapor continuum adjustment
was based. Awarded the 2000 Vaisala Prize by the World Meteorological
Organization.
Infrared atmospheric spectral radiance measurements in the tropical Pacific (J.
Geophysical Research 1997) [pdf 232 kB]
First field validation of a significant water vapor continuum model modification
made from earlier measurements by our group.
Multi-wavelength observations of a developing cloud system (J. Atmos. Sci. 1995)
[pdf 1500 kB]
Radar, lidar, passive infrared observations to study clouds in the FIRE 2
program in Coffeyville, Kansas in 1991.
Comparison of IR brightness temperatures from FTIR & filter radiometer (J.
Atmospheric & Oceanic Technology 1995) [pdf 387 kB]
Comparison of clear and cloudy atmospheric measurements from a Fourier transform
infrared spectrometer and a filter radiometer during the 1991 FIRE 2 program in
Coffeyville, Kansas.
Air-Sea Interaction (Laser-glint & radiometric measurements)
A visual demonstration of three-scale sea-surface roughness under light wind
conditions (IEEE Trans. Geoscience & Remote Sensing 2005) [pdf 2699 kB]
A fun use of video imagery of the ocean surface viewed from an airplane for
evaluating sea-surface roughness.
Air-temperature profile and air-sea temperature difference measurements by
infrared and microwave scanning radiometers (Radio Science 2003) [pdf 1578
kB]
Retrievals of vertical air-temperature profiles and air-sea temperature
differences from scanning microwave and infrared radiometers near Nauru Island.
Scanning infrared radiometer for measuring the air-sea temperature difference
(Applied Optics 2001) [pdf 287 kB]
Describes a novel scanning IR radiometer and shows measurements of air-sea
temperature data from the Tropical Western Pacific. These data show clearly a
strong diurnally varying difference between bulk and skin water temperatures.
Laser-glint measurements of sea-surface slope statistics (Applied Optics 1997)
[pdf 327 kB]
Uses laser-glint data to derive a probability density function of sea-surface
slope; identifies a stability correction required for the widely used slope
statistics of Cox and Munk (1954). Awarded the 1998 NOAA Outstanding
Scientific Paper Award.
Fractal laser glints from the ocean surface (J. Optical Society of America - A
1997) [pdf 266 kB]
Determines fractal dimensions for two-scale sea-surface roughness using
laser-glint data.
Optics in Nature
Light and color in the open air: introduction to
the feature issue (Applied Optics, 1 Oct. 2011) [pdf 44 kB]
Introduction to the light and color in the open air feature issue containing
primarily papers from the 10th International Meeting on Light and Color in Nature, held
during June 2010 at St. Mary's College of Maryland.
Night-shining clouds (Optics and
Photonics News, June 2010) [pdf 433 kB]
Discussion of noctilucent clouds and associated observing and photographing
techniques. Includes photographs of relatively rare mid-latitude noctilucent
clouds observed in Bozeman, Montana.
Light and color in the open air: introduction to
the feature issue (Applied Optics, 1 Dec. 2008) [pdf 41 kB]
Introduction to the light and color in the open air feature issue that arose
primarily from the 9th International Meeting on Light and Color in Nature, held
during 25-29 June 2007 in Bozeman, Montana.
The digital blue sky at night (Optics and Photonics News, Nov. 2005) [pdf
408 kB]
Digital photography of the moonlit sky reveals the blue sky created by
Rayleigh-scattered moonlight. Our eyes are not sensitive enough to capture the
color, but a digital camera can. Film cameras also see the blue, but capture it
with longer exposures because of film reciprocity failure.
Coronas and iridescence in mountain wave clouds over northeastern Colorado
(Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Oct. 2003) [pdf 7593 kB]
Meteorologically oriented analysis of optical diffraction phenomena in mountain
wave clouds at a review level. Uses same example photographs as Shaw & Neiman,
Applied Optics 2003, but adds discussion on wave-cloud physics and Mie
scattering analysis that demonstrates that blue rings exist in coronas only when
the cloud particle size distribution is narrow and the cloud optical depth is
low.
Coronas and iridescence in mountain wave clouds (Applied Optics, Jan. 2003 )
[pdf 3121 kB]
Optical analysis of photographs of coronas and iridescence in orographic
mountain wave clouds in Colorado, suggesting that small quasi-spherical ice
particles in these clouds can produce particularly vivid optical displays;
identifies preference for blue (rather than green) as the dominant
short-wavelength color as a possible unique feature of coronas in mountain wave
clouds. Part of the January 2003 Special Issue on Light and Color in the Open
Air.
Coronas and iridescence (Optics and Photonics News 2002) [pdf 1580 kB]
Description and photographic analysis of coronas and iridescence formed by
diffraction of sunlight or moonlight by cloud droplets (popular version of the
Applied Optics 2003 paper listed above).
What we see in the aurora (Optics & Photonics News 1999) [pdf 980 kB]
What causes the aurora, where and when to see it, and how to photograph it.
Glittering light on water (Optics & Photonics News 1999) [pdf 150 kB]
Explanation of optical glitter patterns on water, and how we use laser glitter
patterns to study sea-surface roughness.
The Christmas corona (Optics & Photonics News 1997) [pdf 374 kB]
Discussion of diffraction coronas in clouds, based on the photograph of a
beautiful corona seen on Christmas night 1996.
What color is the night sky? (Optics & Photonics News 1996) [html or
pdf 298kB]
How Rayleigh scattered moonlight prod